88 PRIMAEVAL MAN IN THE VALLEY OF THE LEA.
these modern forgers made them, but I say (with of course different
tools) they might have been so made, and that it is possible, if not
probable, that they were sometimes made in old times much as the
Stoke Newington forgers have made
them in modern times.
In preparing the accompanying
figures of implement makers, I have
dispensed with modern (or any) cos-
tume, and have introduced two women
and one man, for there can be no
doubt that women and men alike made
flint tools in old times.
Knife-flakes and flakes for small
implements were struck off at Stoke

Fig. 9.—Woman flaking ; a sketch
founded on one of the methods
adopted by modern forgers.
Newington as in fig. 9. The flaker
secured a block in the style of a small

butcher's block; on this he placed
the block from which he intended to strike flakes or splinters,
and he detached the flakes with a heavy, round-headed hammer.
I have introduced in the illustration an oval quartzite hammer-
stone, for it is not likely that Palaeolithic
hammers were provided with handles.
In fig. 10 is illustrated, one-half actual
size, a good example of one of these quartz-
ite hammer-stones of Palaeolithic age ; the
original is now in the British Museum. It
will be observed that both ends of the peb-
ble at A and B have been battered away
by constant hammering. Quartzite was not
exclusively used for hammer-stones, as I
have an example formed from a large
globular nodule of flint from Stamford
Hill, which weighs 3lbs. 111/4 ozs. For a
second hammer-stone, see "Transactions
of the Essex Field Club," vol. iii., p. 136.

Similar pebbles of quartzite were used as

Fig. 10.— Hammer-stone of quartz-
ite (one-half actual size).
hammers and for polishing flint celts in
Neolithic times; they are common in some British camps, but
always somewhat difficult to find, from their resemblance whilst upon
the ground to ordinary rolled pebbles of quartzite.